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Abstract: Recent evidence across several countries suggests a widening gender ideology divide among the youngest: young women tend to be more liberal than conservative, compared with young men. In this paper, we first confirm this tendency in European countries using the European Social Survey data between 2008 and 2021. Young females increasingly identify with the left side of the political spectrum, while males are more and more inclined towards the right. Our estimates show that, in Europe, women aged 18 to 30 are now 20 percentage points more left-wing than their male counterparts. Leveraging spatial data on 3G coverage expansion since 2010 to proxy exposure to social media, we show that increase in network coverage is associated with more rightwing position for men living in rural areas and more leftwing position for women living in urban areas. Our results suggest a significant influence of social media use in widening the ideological gap.
- Princeton Survey Research Center
- Center for the Study of Democratic Politics (CSDP)
- Kahneman-Treisman Center for Behavioral Science & Public Policy
- Industrial Relations Section